Children Of Different Age Groups Research Articles

Trends and risk factors for drug-resistant tuberculosis among children in Sichuan, China: A 10-year retrospective analysis, 2013-2022.

To investigate the status of the drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) among children in Sichuan, and to find out the risk factors and high-risk population related to drug resistance among children. The clinical data of tuberculosis patients ≤14 years old with culture-confirmed tuberculosis hospitalized in Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center from January 2013 through December 2022 were collected. Clinical data such as gender, age, ethnicity, history of anti-TB treatment, history of exposure to tuberculosis, nutritional status, and specific drug resistance of the children were collected and recorded. The drug resistance of children in different age groups (0-4 years old, 5-9 years old, 10-14 years old) and different periods (2013-2017 and 2018-2022) were grouped and compared. Logistic regression analysis was to analyze analysis of risk factors of drug resistance in children. A total of 438 children with culture-confirmed tuberculosis were screened. Among them, 26.19% (11/42) were 0 to 4 years old, 33.33% (22/66) were 5 to 9 years old, and 36.67% (121/330) were 10 to 14 years old among the resistant children. There was no statistically significant difference in the resistance rate among the 3 groups (P = .385). The proportions of DR-TB, monoresistant tuberculosis, polydrug-resistant tuberculosis were decreased during 2019 to 2022 compared with 2013 to 2017 (P < .0001). The resistance rates of drug resistant, monoresistant, polydrug-resistant, isoniazid-resistant, and rifampicin resistant during 2018 to 2022 were decreased compared with those from 2013 to 2017 (P < .05), but the multi-drug resistance rate was not decreased (P = .131, without statistical difference). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that male gender OR = 1.566 (95% CI 1.035-2.369), a history of antituberculosis therapy OR = 4.049 (95% CI 1.442-11.367), and pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis OR = 7.335 (95% CI 1.401-38.392) were risk factors for the development of drug resistance; but fever OR = 0.581 (95% CI 0.355-0.950) was Protective factor. The total drug resistance rate of children in Sichuan showed a downward trend, but the rate of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis was still at a high level, and the form of drug resistance was still severe. Absence of fever, male, retreatment, and pulmonary concurrent with extrapulmonary tuberculosis are risk factors for DR-TB in children.

Child speech developmental norms in Greek monolinguals: whole word and consonant accuracy

ABSTRACT Child phonological development in standard Greek is aptly represented by both single-case and cross-sectional studies. While some quantitative measures exist, such as the 75% criterion in the acquisition of singletons and clusters, reported norms require replication to fine-tune existing indicators, inform non-existent ones, and better reflect children’s typical developmental speech in contemporary Greece. Our cross-sectional study addresses this gap, in terms of consonant inventory acquisition, and percentage accuracy of words, singletons, clusters, and cluster reductions. Phonological Assessment for Greek (PAel) procedures facilitated data elicitation from 254 Greek-speaking participants, aged 2;0–7;0, equally represented for gender. Our study comprehensively informs quantitative norms on whole word accuracy (WWA), percentage of consonants correct (PCC), PCC variation across the different age groups of children, and the WWA-PCC correlation along the developmental path in this cross-sectional study. A schematic representation models children’s normative PCC-WWA profiles, facilitating the determination of phonological disorder in Greek with direct clinical application on diagnosis and intervention.

Prevalence and intensity of dental caries in children of different age groups living in the Solntsevo district, Moscow

The relevance of the study of the prevalence and intensity of caries in children of different age groups increases due to the fact that the tasks of modern pediatric dentistry include improving the level of care and prevention of caries and its complications.Aim. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence and intensity of caries of temporary and permanent teeth in children and adolescents of different age groups (3–5 years, 6–8 years, 9–11 years and 12–16 years) living in the Solntsevo district of Moscow.Material and methods. The study included 1,725 children of four age groups who underwent a routine dental examination in dental departments of hospitals, preschool and school institutions of the Solntsevo district with registration of the presence of carious cavities, fillings and removed teeth.Results. The prevalence of caries in children of different age groups varies depending on the factors affecting the development of caries. The prevalence and intensity increase during the period of milk bite, then drop sharply by the beginning of the period of tooth change, then gradually increasing by the time the formation of a permanent bite is completed. Most of the children are not sanitized at the time of examination.Conclusion. Preventive measures in preschool and school institutions, the level and nature of dental care for children in the Solntsevo district of Moscow are insufficient, since the increase in caries in children of different age groups of the district exceeds acceptable indicators, as a result of which many of the examined have carious cavities.

Comparisons of fentanyl and sufentanil on recovery time after inguinal hernia repair in children: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundInguinal hernia repair is a common pediatric procedure. We studied postoperative recovery times in children undergoing laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair with anesthesia induced by fentanyl versus sufentanil.MethodsWe performed a pilot randomized clinical trial between February and December 2022. Eligible children were assigned into two age groups, 2–6 and 6–12 years old groups. Then, children in each age group were randomly assigned into either the fentanyl (2 µg/kg) or sufentanil (0.2 µg/kg) group for anesthesia induction. Baseline characteristics were collected. The primary outcome was the postoperative recovery time, which was recorded as the time period from extubation to a Steward recovery score reaching 6. Secondary outcomes included surgical duration, anesthetic duration, intubation duration, and intraoperative hemorrhage.ResultsThere were 300 children, with 75 children in each group. In the 2–6 years old group, children who received fentanyl had statistically significantly shorter postoperative recovery times than children who received sufentanil (0.9 ± 0.4 versus 1.5 ± 0.3 h, P < 0.001). However, in the 6–12 years old group, children who received fentanyl had statistically significantly longer postoperative recovery times than children who received sufentanil (1.2 ± 0.4 versus 0.8 ± 0.4 h, P < 0.001). Baseline characteristics and secondary outcomes were comparable between two groups.ConclusionsAnesthesia induction with fentanyl or sufentanil resulted in different postoperative recovery times after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair in children in different age groups. More studies are required to determine the appropriate induction anesthetic in children of different ages.Trial registrationThe study protocol was retrospectively registered online at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number ChiCTR2300072177, retrospectively registered on 06/06/2023).

The presence of enteropathy in HIV infected children on antiretroviral therapy in Malawi.

Undernutrition and malnutrition in children in low- and middle-income countries contribute to high mortality rates. Stunting, a prevalent form of malnutrition, is associated with educational and productivity losses. Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection worsen these conditions. This study seeks to investigate the presence of enteropathy using EED fecal biomarkers in HIV-infected children who are stable on antiretroviral therapy (ART) across various nutritional statuses. By understanding the interplay between EED, HIV, and nutritional status, this study aims to provide insights that can inform targeted interventions to optimize nutritional outcomes in HIV infected children. This study evaluated the levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin, calprotectin and myeloperoxidase in frozen fecal samples from 61 HIV infected (mean age 9.16 ±3.08 years) and 31 HIV uninfected (6.65 ±3.41 years) children in Malawi. Anthropometric measurements and clinical data were collected. The height-for-age z-score (-1.66 vs -1.27, p = 0.040) and BMI-for-age z-score (-0.36 vs 0.01, p = 0.037) were lower in HIV infected children. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure biomarker concentrations. Statistical tests were applied to compare biomarker levels based on HIV status and anthropometric parameters. Myeloperoxidase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and calprotectin concentrations did not differ between HIV infected and HIV uninfected children of different age groups. In HIV infected children from 5-15 years, there is no difference in biomarker concentration between the stunted and non-stunted groups. Our study found a higher prevalence of stunting in HIV infected children compared to uninfected children, but no significant differences in biomarker concentrations. This suggests no causal relationship between enteropathy and stunting in HIV infected children. These results contribute to the understanding of growth impairment in HIV infected children and emphasize the need for further research, particularly a longitudinal, biopsy-controlled study.

[The non-bacterial pathogenic and clinical characteristics of acute respiratory tract infection in children in a hospital of pediatric in Sichuan Province from 2019 to 2021].

Objective: To explore the non-bacterial pathogen distribution, epidemiological characteristics, and clinical features of acute respiratory infections in children in Sichuan Province. Methods: Using a retrospective cohort study method, this study selected hospitalized children diagnosed with acute respiratory infections at West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University from February 2019 to January 2021, and tested 13 pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-fragment analysis. The children were divided into infant group (<1 year old), toddler group (1 year old ≤ age <3 years old), preschool group (3 years old ≤ age <6 years old) and school-age group (6 years old ≤ age <18 years old). The distribution of pathogen positive rates, seasonal epidemic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and some laboratory test indicators were analyzed in children. Statistical analysis was performed on the results using SPSS 22.0 software, with count data expressed as percentages and inter group comparisons using SPSS 22.0 software χ2 Inspection. Results: A total of 2 922 pediatric patients were included in this study, with 1 748 (59.8%) positive for pathogens detected. Among them, 1 391 (79.6%) were detected as a single pathogen, and 357 (20.4%) were detected as a mixture of two or more pathogens. The most commonly detected pathogens were rhinovirus (HRV) (39.7%), syncytial virus (RSV) (22.8%), and parainfluenza virus (PIV) (12.5%). Pathogen positivity is more common in children under 6 years old (χ2=146.59, P<0.001), with a slightly higher positivity rate in male children (61.3%, 1 047/1 707) than in female children (57.7%, 701/1 215) (χ2=3.91, P=0.048), and compared with pathogen negative children, positive children are more prone to symptoms such as cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath (χ2=259.15, 366.06, 12.48, P<0.001). The distribution of different pathogens varies among children of different age groups, and HRV is more common in children aged 1-3 and 3-6 years old (χ2=9.74, P<0.001), while RSV is more common in children under 1 year old (χ2=178.63, P<0.001), while mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and influenza virus (InfA/B) are less common in children under 1 year old (χ2=92.54, 12.90,22.21, P<0.01). The prevalence of multiple pathogens showed seasonal changes. HRV showed a high prevalence trend in spring and autumn, while the prevalence of RSV infection was mainly seen in autumn and winter festivals. The positive rate of different pathogens after the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia was significantly lower than that before the outbreak (χ2=252.68, P<0.001). Conclusion: The detection rate of non-bacterial respiratory pathogens in children in Sichuan Province from 2019 to 2021 is high, which is prone to symptoms such as cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath, with HRV and RSV being the main types. The positive rate of respiratory pathogens varies among different age groups, genders, and seasons.

Safety, Accuracy, and Efficacy of Robot-Assisted Stereo Electroencephalography in Children of Different Ages.

Aimed to investigate the safety, accuracy, and efficacy of stereo electroencephalography (SEEG) in children of various ages, with particular emphasis on those younger than 3 years. There is limited guidance regarding whether SEEG can conducted on very young children. This retrospective study was conducted between July 2018 and August 2022. It involved 88 patients who underwent 99 robot-assisted SEEG procedures at our center. The patients were categorized into 3 groups based on their age at the time of the robot-assisted SEEG procedures: group 1 (3 years and younger, n = 28), group 2 (age 3-6 years, n = 27), and group 3 (older than 6 years, n = 44). Clinical data, SEEG demographics, complications, and seizure outcomes were analyzed. A total of 675 electrodes were implanted, with an average of 6.82 ± 3.47 (2.00-16.00) electrodes per patient (P = .052). The average target point error for the 675 electrodes was 1.93 ± 1.11 mm, and the average entry point error was 1.30 ± 0.97 mm (P = .536 and P = .549, respectively). The overall percentage of complications was 6.06% (P = .879). No severe or long-term neurologic impairment was observed. Of the total 99 procedures included in this study, 78 were admitted for epilepsy surgery for the first time, while 9 patients were treated twice and 1 patient was treated 3 times. There were 21 radiofrequency thermocoagulation and 78 second-stage resective procedures performed after SEEG. There was no statistically significant difference in Engel class I outcomes among the patients who underwent SEEG in the 3 age groups (P = .621). Robot-assisted SEEG were demonstrated to be safe, accurate, and efficient across different age groups of children. This technique is suitable for children younger than 3 years who have indications for SEEG placement.

Avaliação do processo maturacional auditivo em crianças portadoras da síndrome da infecção congênita pelo Zika vírus

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the absolute latencies of waves I. III and V and the interpeak intervals I-III. III-V and I-V of the ABR recorded from different age groups of children with congenital zika virus infection and their peers without risk indicators for hearing impairment. Methods: 84 newborns and infants (N=51 study group and N=33 control group) divided into groups with different post-conceptual ages. with the results of their hearing exams analyzed by age group and compared with their peers without other risk indicators for hearing impairment. The assessment of the auditory pathway was conducted through tympanometry. otoacoustic emissions and auditory brain stem responses. Results: only the latency of wave I and the interpeak III-V showed no significant difference between the study and control groups. The absolute latency and interpeak values found in the study group were significantly lower than those found in the control group. Conclusion: the maturation of the brain stem in children with ZIKV infection occurred within normal limits. with no retrocochlear disorders until the age of 5 years.

Особенности актуального состояния обучающихся в регионе с высокой степенью вовлеченности в последствия боевых действий

&lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; mso-pagination: lines-together; margin: 8.0pt 35.45pt .0001pt 35.45pt;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;Objective.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt; The study is aimed on estimation of students&amp;rsquo; current state in regions with high degrees of involvement in the consequences of hostilities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; mso-pagination: lines-together; margin: 8.0pt 35.45pt .0001pt 35.45pt;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;Context and relevance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt; Research data, mainly foreign ones, indicate a high prevalence of violations of various degrees of severity, from mild adaptation disorders to symptoms of PTSD, in children either living in military conflict zones or having experience related to their involvement into consequences of hostilities. Such children have a great need for targeted psychological assistance. There are still a gap in domestic studies devoted to the analysis of the impact of involvement into consequences of hostilities on children of different age groups. Also, specialists are still experiencing deficits in compact tools allowing comprehensive assessment of children current state and their need for psychological assistance. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; mso-pagination: lines-together; margin: 8.0pt 35.45pt .0001pt 35.45pt;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;Study design.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt; We studied features of the students&amp;rsquo; current state in regions highly involved into the consequences of hostilities. using specially developed screening tools, in two versions: for students of 5&amp;ndash;8 and 9&amp;ndash;11 grades, respectively. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; mso-pagination: lines-together; margin: 8.0pt 35.45pt .0001pt 35.45pt;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;Participants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt; 646 students in grades 9&amp;ndash;11 (36% male, 64% female) and 829 students in grades 5-8 (43% male, 57 % female), living in regions experiencing the impact of events related to hostilities, mainly from Lugansk People&amp;rsquo;s Republic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; mso-pagination: lines-together; margin: 8.0pt 35.45pt .0001pt 35.45pt;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;Methods (tools).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt; The study is based on a questionnaire developed to assess the current state of the children including items assessing a) manifestations of socio-psychological and mental maladaptation in various spheres of life, b) symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, c) psychological (personal and social) resources for coping with stress. This part of questionnaire includes lists if features among which student must choose those which fit his/her current state on the base of multiple choice. The questionnaire also contains items assessing the subjective well-being of children in life areas mentioned above by the 10-point Likert scale. The questionnaires were presented electronically, using the AnketologBox platform. Results were analyzed using IBM SPSS 27.0.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; mso-pagination: lines-together; margin: 8.0pt 35.45pt .0001pt 35.45pt;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;Results.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt; Results were obtained regarding the prevalence and severity of signs of socio-psychological maladaptation, including PTSD symptoms, and subjective estimation of well-being and psychological resources for coping with stress in students of 5&amp;ndash;8 and 9&amp;ndash;11 grades. Significant differences were found between students according to the criterion of gender (in the group of students in grades 9&amp;ndash;11) and age (in the group of students in grades 5&amp;ndash;8), namely: 1) the tendency to decrease the level of well-being in these areas with age in secondary school (grades 5-8) and 2) a significantly higher level of vulnerability of girls compared to boys in the psychophysiological, emotional, behavioral spheres, as well as in relationships with loved ones (grades 9&amp;ndash;11).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; mso-pagination: lines-together; margin: 8.0pt 35.45pt .0001pt 35.45pt;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt;Key findings.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"&gt; The data analysis allowed us to identify the main features of the current state of students in the regions highly involved in the consequences of hostilities: the presence of severe distress in some children in the psychophysiological, cognitive, emotional, communicative and behavioral spheres, the tendency to decrease the level of well-being in these areas with age in secondary school students, the existence of special risk groups, which include female students of 9&amp;ndash;11grades. The proposed diagnostic tool appeared to be sensitive to phenomena under study varying from psychological resources of coping with stress to signs of maladaptation in students living in territories involved into the consequences of hostilities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Comparative analysis of the results of multispiral computed tomography using color mapping and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children

BACKGROUND: Although acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is considered a fairly well-studied disease, several articles emphasize that the frequency of diagnostic errors remains quite high. The clinical presentation of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis largely depends on its reactivity and localization. The latter has features of the clinical course in children of different age groups. Osteomyelitis can be difficult to detect because of the variability and nonspecificity of symptoms and physical and laboratory parameters. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for successful disease outcomes because untimely treatment increases the number of complications. Therefore, visualization should be aimed at early diagnosis and, ultimately, successful treatment.&#x0D; AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the informative value of magnetic resonance imaging and multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) in the diagnosis of the intramedullary phase of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis as its earliest stage.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients suspected with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis underwent magnetic resonance imaging and MSCT using color mapping techniques and X-ray density assessment. At the final stage of the diagnostic algorithm, osteotonometry was performed. The contents of the bone marrow canal were taken for microbiological and bacteriological studies.&#x0D; RESULTS: In the intramedullary phase of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, magnetic resonance imaging and MSCT revealed signs of bone marrow edema in 96% of the cases. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging was 96%, the same as that of MSCT; however, the specificity was significantly lower than that of MSCT using the color mapping method and X-ray density assessment, which was 67% and 83%, respectively (p 0.05).&#x0D; DISCUSSION: In recent years, the role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis has received considerable recognition in pediatric surgical practice, and MSCT with color mapping and X-ray density assessment in the diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children has been used relatively recently. Simultaneously, many researchers have reported the high informativeness of MSCT in the diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The intramedullary phase of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis according to magnetic resonance imaging and MSCT indicates bone marrow edema as its earliest stage. According to the data of the present study, MSCT using color mapping and X-ray density assessment has high specificity and can be used with MRI as the main method for diagnosing the intramedullary phase of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis.

Adherence to 24-h movement behaviour guidelines in families with multiple children.

In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the first global movement guidelines for children that combined sleep, physical activity and screen time. Our previous research showed that adherence to age-specific guidelines for screen time was challenging for families with children in different age groups. We aimed to determine whether families with children in different age-based movement guideline categories have poorer adherence to the broader 24-h movement guidelines than those with all children in the same age category. Data were from the 1973-1978 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (seventh survey, 2015) and the women's three youngest children (aged ≤12) (Mothers and their Children's Health sub-study, 2016/2017). The sample was 1787 women (families) with 4064 children (mean age 7.2 [SD 2.9]). Whether children in the family were in the same or different age-based category was determined by matching children's ages in a family against age-based guideline categories for the 24-h movement behaviours. The association between children in the family being in the same or different age-based guideline category on adherence to 24-h movement guidelines, both collectively and individually, was analysed by adjusted logistic regression (binary and multinomial). Families with children in the same age guideline categories had double the odds of having all children meet 24-h movement guidelines (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.95 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.32, 2.86]). Families with children in the same age categories on the screen guideline had higher odds of all children meeting (2.25 [1.73, 2.93]) and lower odds of some meeting/some failing the screen guideline (0.18 [0.14, 0.25]), than families with all children in different age categories. Families with children in the same age categories on the physical activity guideline had lower odds of all children meeting (0.57 [0.43, 0.75]) or some meeting/some failing the physical activity guideline (0.08 [0.06, 0.12]). No associations were found for sleep guidelines. Families with multiple children may need practical advice and strategies on how to adhere to guidelines when children span age categories. This could form part of public health strategies that raise awareness of the guidelines and may improve guideline adherence.

Migraine and its childhood equivalents

Migraine is one of the most common causes of primary headache in the pediatric population. In addition to pain manifestations, episodic syndromes are also found in children, which often lack cephalgic manifestations and are difficult to verify in clinical practice.Objective: to determine the characteristics of the migraine and episodic syndromes associated with migraine in children of different age groups.Material and methods. The study included 250 children complaining of headaches (166 girls and 84 boys aged 5 to 18 years, mean age 13 years). The patients were divided into groups: Group 1 – preschool age (5–6 years) and elementary school age (7–10 years) – 20.8% (n=52) of patients; Group 2 – middle school age (11–14 years) – 45.2% (n=113) of patients; Group 3 – high school age (15–18 years) – 34% (n=85) of patients. A structured diagnostic interview was conducted with all study participants (or their parents) and pain and anxiety were assessed using special scales and tests adapted for children (visual analog scale (VAS); Digital Pain Rating Scale (DPS); Verbal Rating Pain Scale (VRPS), Faces Pain Scale (FPS), MIDAS scales, Hands scale, depression scales adapted by T.I. Balashova, Spielberger-Khanin anxiety scale).Results. The average age at onset of headache in the general structure was 11 [9; 13] years. Migraine was diagnosed in 40.4% (n=21) of the patients in Group 1, in 31.9% (n=36) of the patients in Group 2 and in 29.4% (n=25) of the patients in Group 3. An increase in age by 1 year leads to a 1.17-fold decrease in complaints for headache in combination with vomiting. With an increase in the age of the patients by 1 year, excessive sleep is significantly less likely to be a factor provoking headaches. A statistically significant inverse association was found between age and FPS scores (ρ =-0.13, 95% CI: -0.25; -0.002; p=0.0457), VAS (ρ =-0.13, 95% CI: -0.25; -0.004, p=0.0425) and Balashova scale score (ρ =-0.14, 95% CI: -0.26; -0.01, p=0.0327). The mean values for the intensity and severity of headaches decrease with age. Analysis of the prevalence of episodic syndromes associated with migraine revealed that in the general group, intestinal colic in infancy was found in 49.6% (n=124) of cases, in Group 1 – in 51.9% (n=27), in Group 2 – in 47.8% (n=54) and in Group 3 – in 50.6% (n=43) of patients. In the general group, torticollis was found in 14.4% (n=36) of patients, which increased slightly with age. Intermittent abdominal pain was found in a total of 33.2% (n=83) and spontaneous vomiting in 18% of children, and its prevalence decreased with age.Conclusion. The prevalence of migraine in children of different age groups suffering from headache varies between 40.4% and 29.4% of cases. Frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms accompanying a headache attack and the provoking effect of sleep decrease continuously with increasing age. Episodic childhood syndromes associated with migraine may vary in their characteristics between different age groups of pediatric patients.

Epidemiology of Acute and Chronic Diseases in the Population of Preschool Children (Results of A Prospective Study)

It is necessary to study and analyze the diseases of children of different age groups on the basis of improvement of medical and social assistance to children, improvement of effectiveness of preventive activities, and on the basis of these, measures aimed at maintaining and protecting children's health should be developed. In the study, diseases of preschool children were analyzed in depth, and their causes were studied. The obtained results showed that the incidence of children under seven years of age in Andijan depends on age, and the incidence rate decreases with age. In the structure of diseases, diseases of respiratory organs are leading at all ages. If the study of children's diseases under 7 years of age in the cities of Andijan region on the basis of appeals revealed the characteristics of children's diseases specific to this region, then the children who were not identified before the organization and conduct of medical examinations, without clinical symptoms, were registered in treatment-preventive institutions. allowed to identify new chronic diseases.

Cow’s milk protein allergy as a model of food allergy in children with inherited epidermolysis bullosa

Inherited epidermolysis bullosa includes a spectrum of rare genodermatoses characterized by dysfunction of the skin barrier, high permeability, and therefore high risks of sensitization to the most common allergens.The aim. To assess the prevalence of food allergies and immunological features of allergy to cow’s milk proteins among a large cohort of children with inherited epidermolysis bullosa.Materials and methods. He study was conducted with the participation of a small cohort of children of different age groups suffering from congenital epidermolysis bullosa. Children were necessarily consulted by an allergist and a nutritionist, a detailed anamnesis was collected, specific IgE to milk and its fractions were determined using ImmunoСАР.Results. A total of 173 children with a diagnosis of inherited epidermolysis bullosa were included in the study. Allergy to cow’s milk proteins was detected in 11.1% of children with a simple form of the disease and in 16.8% of children with dystrophic form. In the group of children with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, an IgE-mediated form of food allergy with a later onset was characteristic.Conclusion. A high frequency of allergy to cow’s milk proteins in patients with inherited epidermolysis bullosa has been shown. Food allergy can affect the overall picture of the disease, and it must be diagnosed and taken into account in this category of patients, taking into account the immunopathogenesis underlying the disease, as well as the features of the skin and mucous barrier.

Compassionate Juveniles: Socialistic ways to Subside Transgression in Children

From the time a child is born, they go through development stages that are very much predictable, some reach development goals early, some hit the stages a little later but a few of them follow a peculiar pace where certain pattern of defiant behaviors are found, which leads to various predictable outcomes that are questionable in general and unacceptable equally. One major aspect of defiant behavior is transgression. This paper discusses the detailed issues that lead to cause transgression in children and proposes viewpoint that enable parents to deal with the weaknesses innately. This paper finds prime factor like socialist Interactivity drills with children of different age groups as major measure to deal with transgressive traits in children.

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in French 9-year-old children and their parents after the first lockdown in 2020

IntroductionChildren have been significantly less affected by COVID-19 than adults and presented with milder and less symptomatic forms of the disease. However, there has been suggestion that children older than 10 years and adolescents exhibits features closer to that of young adults. Most studies combine children in different age-groups and lack sufficient numbers to explore in detail age specificities. We report data on a population-based sample of 2,555 children at the pivotal age of 9 years.MethodsIn April 2020, the participants in two French nationwide cohorts of children, Elfe and Epipage2, were invited to take part into an online survey about Covid related symptoms and family life during the lockdown. A second questionnaire was sent on May 5. This questionnaire also proposed to the child included in the cohort and to one of his/her parents to take part into a capillary blood collection for Covid serology. Families who agreed to the serological survey were sent kits for dried blood spots self-sampling (DBS) with instructions. Samples were processed with a commercial Elisa test (Euroimmun®, Lübeck, Germany) to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG) directed against the S1 domain of the spike protein of the virus.ResultsChildren's acceptance rate for the serological survey was around 60%. 2,555 serological results were analyzed. The weighted prevalence of a positive Elisa Spike serology was 2.8% in 9 yr-old children (95% CI: 1.7%–4.0%). Positive serology was found in 8.6% (7.4%–9.7%) of parents who provided blood. There was a significant association (p &amp;lt; 0.001) between serology of the child and parent from the same household with an odds ratio of 13.8 (7.9–24.2).DiscussionWe have shown that 9-yr old children had a lower susceptibility to SARS-Cov2 infection than adults with the initial Chinese strain, similar to younger children and estimated that around 3% of them have developed antibodies against SARS-Cov2 in France after the first wave of the Covid-19 epidemics.

Age Distribution of Epistaxis in Outpatient Pediatric Patients.

Objectives: Little is known about the prevalence of epistaxis in children. Existing reports focus on hospitalized children or those presenting to an emergency department. To better understand pediatric epistaxis in clinical practice, we sought out a searchable, representative outpatient database and examined the incidence of epistaxis in children of different ages. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) from the years 2007 to 2011 was performed. The NHAMCS is a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-curated national sample of data from visits to non-federally employed office-based physicians and health centers. We queried the NHAMCS to determine the cumulative incidence of epistaxis in children of different age groups. The International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision code 784.7 was chosen to identify epistaxis. Comparisons of rates were performed using the chi-squared test. A P-value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In total, 55,435,691 children [27,816,237 (50.2%) males, 55,435,691 (77.2%) white] were included. The overall cumulative incidence rate of epistaxis was 2.4/1000 children. Children in the 3- to 5-year range had the highest cumulative incidence of epistaxis (5.0/1000), followed by those in the 6 to 8 (3.0/1000), 9 to 11 (2.0/1000), 0 to 2 (1.9/1000), 12 to 14 (1.6/1000), and 15 to 17 (0.5/1000) year ranges (P < .001). Conclusion: Pediatric epistaxis is common in the office setting (2.4 per 1000 children)-and well above emergency department estimates (1.7 per 1000 people). Children between the ages of 3 to 5 years have the highest cumulative incidence. Epistaxis is sufficiently unusual in infants and the late teens that alternative causes for nasal bleeding should be included in the differential diagnosis.

The effect of age on outpatient pediatric procedural sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam

Procedural sedation for diagnostic examination is a common practice in children. The study aims to analyze the sedative effect and safety of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral midazolam in outpatient pediatric procedural sedation across different age groups and to assess the incidence of sedation failure. From February 2021 to September 2021, children who underwent procedural sedation were retrospectively enrolled. The children were divided into 4 groups based on age: the infant group (0 to 1 year old), toddler group (1 to 3 years old), preschool group (3 to 6 years old), and school-age group (6 to 12 years old). Two-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam were used for sedation. The sedation success rate after rescue, sedation success rate, onset time of sedation, and the sedation time were recorded. The incidence of adverse events and the risk factors for sedation failure were also analyzed. A total of 4758 patients were identified. After exclusion, 3149 patients were ultimately enrolled. The combination of 2-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam resulted in a total success rate of 99.7% and a sedation success rate of 91.4%. The sedation success rate varied among the four groups: 90.2% in the infant group, 93.1% in the toddler group, 92.7% in the preschool group, and 78.4% in the school-age group. The sedation success rate was significantly lower in the school-age group compared to the other three groups (P < 0.001). The onset time of sedation was shorter in infant (22 min, IQR: 18–28 min, P < 0.001) and longer in the school-age group (30 min, IQR: 25–35 min, P < 0.05). Additionally, the infants had a longer sedation time (110 min, IQR: 90–135 min, P < 0.001) and a higher rate of delayed recovery (27.5%, all P < 0.001). The incidence of adverse events was low (4.70%), which bradycardia (2.03%) being the most common. Age (0–1 year and > 6 years), weight, ASA class II, and history of failed sedation were identified as risk factors of sedation failure.  Conclusion: Intranasal administration of 2-mcg/kg dexmedetomidine combined with oral administration of 0.5-mg/kg midazolam was found to be efficient and safety for pediatric procedural sedation. Different age groups of children exhibited distinct sedation characteristics, and age was identified as a risk factor affecting the efficacy of sedation.What is Known:• Procedural sedation for diagnostic examination is a common practice in children.• The combination of dexmedetomidine with midazolam can improve sedative effects.What is New:• The success rate of sedation using a combination of 2-mcg/kg intranasal dexmedetomidine and 0.5-mg/kg oral midazolam was significantly lower in school-age children as compared to infants, toddlers, and preschoolers.• The onset time of sedation increased with age, and the sedation time was found to be longer in infant patients.

A toolbox for mimicking gastrointestinal conditions in children: Design and evaluation of biorelevant dissolution media for mimicking paediatric gastric- and small intestinal conditions

The goal of the present work was to develop an in vitro toolbox to evaluate the oral administration of dosage forms to children of different age groups and under different administration conditions (fasted/fed). Based on current data on the gastrointestinal physiology of children, a set of new biorelevant media was designed to mimic the composition and physicochemical properties of resting gastric and resting small intestinal fluid in children of different age groups. In addition, guidelines were developed on how to generate fasted and fed state gastric and small intestinal fluids by combining these media with age-specific drinking volumes or portions of already established simulated paediatric breakfast meals, respectively. These fluids can simulate the conditions in the paediatric stomach and small intestine after administration of a dosage form in the fasting state or after a breakfast. The in vitro toolbox was evaluated using the example of pre-school children with a total of five paediatric medicines. Results from the corresponding set of in vitro studies highlight the importance of addressing patient-specific characteristics rather than downscaling existing adult in vitro models.

CLINICAL AND PARACLINICAL FEATURES AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS IN PREMATURE INFANTS WITH PERINATAL PATHOLOGY

Introduction. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of preterm birth is 10-15%, or about 15million newborns worldwide, and this number is increasing. The highest incidence of morbidity and mortality is observed ininfants born before 32 weeks of gestation. Among other things, preterm infants have an immature digestive system, which leads to food intolerance. The formation of cumulative nutrient defi ciencies in the digestive system from birth puts children at risk of delayed psychophysical development and contributes to the development of negative long-term neurological consequences.Many of these complications have lifelong consequences for health, growth and development, both in infancy and later in life.Aim of the study. To improve the diagnosis of intestinal dysfunction in perinatal pathology in premature infants based on thestudy of risk factors and clinical and laboratory parameters.Materials and methods of the study. A comprehensive clinical and paraclinical examination of 91 premature infants withclinical manifestations of moderate and severe perinatal pathology with signs of disturbances of the functional state of thedigestive system (group I, gestational age 29 (0/7) – 36 (6/7) weeks) and 57 conditionally healthy newborns (group II, gestationalage 35 (0/7) – 36 (6/7) weeks) was performed. The total number of children studied was 148. Exclusion criteria were childrenwith congenital malformations and septic conditions.The list of laboratory parameters used included: levels of α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT), PMN-elastase, albumin, fecal calprotectin(FC) and fecal elastase-1 (FE-1) in children’s stool using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reagents fromImmundiagnostic AG (Germany) on the basis of the German- Ukrainian laboratory “BUKINMED” (Chernivtsi, Ukraine).The scientifi c work was carried out on the basis of neonatology departments of the Chernivtsi City Clinical Maternity Hospitalin 2014-2018. Informed consent of the parents of the child was obtained with adequate explanation of the purpose, objectives,methods and scope of laboratory and instrumental research methods. The study protocol was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Commission of the Bukovinian State Medical University, 2015.The studies were conducted in accordance with the basic provisions of GCP (1996), the Convention of the Council of Europeon Human Rights and Biomedicine (April 4, 1997), the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki on Ethical Principlesfor Research Involving Human Subjects (1964-2008), Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine ¹ 690 dated September 23, 2009(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine ¹ 523 dated July 12, 2012).Statistical processing of data was performed using the software “STATISTICA” (StatSoft Inc., USA, version 10), programMedCalc (https://www.medcalc. org/index.php). Comparison of quantitative indicators with normal distribution was performedusing Student’s t-test. The diff erence in parameters was considered statistically signifi cant at p&lt;0.05.The thesis was carried out within the framework of the scientifi c topics of the Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology andPerinatal Medicine of the Bukovinian State Medical University: Research work on “Improvement of directions of prognosis,diagnosis and treatment of perinatal pathology in newborns and infants, optimization of schemes of catamnestic observationand rehabilitation” (State registration number 0115U002768, term of execution 01. 2015-12. 2019); Research work on“Chronobiological and adaptive aspects and features of autonomic regulation in pathological conditions in children of diff erentage groups” (State registration number 0122U002245, term of execution 01.2020-12.2024).Results and discussion. The studied laboratory parameters of stool in premature infants with signs of food intolerancein perinatal pathology revealed certain pathophysiological mechanisms of its development, including acute infl ammation,increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa, and exocrine insuffi ciency. Dysfunction of the digestive system is a consequence of complex autonomic and visceral dysfunction of the child’s body against the background of hypoxia and morphological and functional immaturity at birth. An increase in the level of A1AT, PMN-elastase, albumin and a decrease in the concentration of FE-1 in feces are interdependent criteria of digestive system dysfunction. Increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa in conditions of local infl ammation leads to translocation of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms into the bloodstream, which probably exacerbates the clinical manifestations of endotoxemia in perinatal pathology of premature infants. The above justifi es the need to continue scientifi c research to develop a refi nement of comprehensive diagnosis and correction of digestive function in preterm infants.Conclusions.1. Premature birth of children causes a high risk of adaptation disorders in newborns, which is due to the morphologicaland functional immaturity of the body and the realization of perinatal risk factors.2. In the complex of vegetative- visceral dysfunction in conditions of perinatal pathology in newborns, there are signs ofcombined dysfunction of the digestive system, which is characterized by weakening or absence of sucking refl ex, regurgitation,intestinal stasis and paresis, delayed passage of meconium and transitional stools, fl atulence; in the most severe cases, persistent and prolonged decrease in tolerance to enteral nutrition is one of the characteristic manifestations of SIDS.3. Increased levels of A1AT, PMN-elastase, albumin and decreased concentration of FE-1 in feces of children with nutritionaldysfunction in the complex of signs of perinatal pathology are laboratory confi rmation of digestive system disorders in premature birth.&#x0D; 4. The pathophysiological mechanisms of transient disorders of the functional state of the digestive system, which causeclinical signs of food intolerance, are: acute infl ammation, increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa and exocrineinsuffi ciency. Increased permeability of the intestinal mucosal barrier leads to increased translocation of pathogenic andopportunistic microorganisms into the bloodstream, which contributes to the growth of endotoxemia in perinatal pathology ofpremature infants.5. Harmonization of clinical and paraclinical criteria for disorders of the functional state of the digestive tract in the complexof perinatal pathology will increase the eff ectiveness of diagnostic measures in the neonatal period, especially in prematureinfants, and improve approaches to medical care by improving the range of diagnostic and therapeutic measures.